Jump Off a Cliff and if You Survive Jump Again

Special telephones on the Golden Gate Bridge link directly to suicide crisis hotlines.

Sign promoting a 24/seven crisis text line on the Golden Gate Span

Golden Gate Bridge every bit seen from beneath

Between 1937 and 2012, an estimated 1,400 bodies were recovered of people who had jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, located in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United states.^[i]

In 2013, 118 potential jumpers were talked down from their endeavor and did not jump.^[2] As of 2013^[update], it is estimated that 34 people have survived afterward jumping.^[three] Some die instantly from internal injuries, while others drown or die of hypothermia.^[four]

A number of measures are in place to discourage people from jumping, including telephone hotlines and patrols past emergency personnel and bridge workers. Although it had previously been considered impractical to build a suicide barrier, in 2014, the bridge'due south directors approved a proposal for a cyberspace below the bridge's deck, extending out either side, rather than side barriers at the railings as had long been proposed.

Groundwork [edit]

Suicides mapped past location, as of 2005

Official count of the jumpers concluded in 1995, with a total of 997 jumpers.

The deck of the bridge is about 245 feet (75 m) above the water.^[5] Later on a fall of iv seconds, jumpers hitting the water at around 75 mph (120 km/h). Virtually of the jumpers die due to impact trauma. Nigh v% of the jumpers survive the initial impact merely generally drown or dice of hypothermia in the cold water.^{[half dozen] [7]}

Most suicidal jumps from the span have occurred on the side facing the bay. The side facing the Pacific is airtight to pedestrians.^[8]

An official suicide count was kept until the year 1995,^[9] sorted co-ordinate to which of the bridge's 128 lamp posts the jumper was nearest when he or she jumped.^[10] The official count concluded on June v, 1995 on the 997th jump;^[11] jumper No. 1000, Eric Atkinson (25), jumped on July 3, 1995.^[9] Consequently, Marin County coroner Ken Holmes asked local media to finish reporting the total number of jumpers.^[12] By 2012 the unofficial count exceeded one,600 (in which the torso was recovered or someone saw the jump)^[1] and new suicides were occurring about one time every two weeks, according to a San Francisco Relate analysis.^[13] The almost suicides in one calendar month were in August 2013, when 10 jumped. The total count for the yr 2013 was 46, with an additional 118 attempts prevented, making it the year with the highest tally so far.^{[vii] [12] [xiv]} The charge per unit of incidence of attempts has risen to well-nigh one every other twenty-four hour period.^[12] The youngest known jumper is five-year-sometime Marilyn DeMont; in 1945, she was told to jump by her father who followed her.^{[1] [15]}

For comparing, the Aokigahara Forest in Nippon, has a record of 108 bodies, found within the forest in 2004, with an boilerplate of xxx a year.^[16] There were 34 span-jump suicides in 2006 whose bodies were recovered, in improver to four jumps that were witnessed simply whose bodies were never recovered, and several bodies recovered suspected to be from bridge jumps. The California Highway Patrol removed lxx apparently suicidal people from the bridge that yr.^[17]

At that place is no accurate figure on the number of suicides or completed jumps since 1937, considering many were non witnessed. People have been known to travel to San Francisco specifically to jump off the bridge, and may have a bus or cab to the site; law sometimes find abased rental cars in the parking lot. Currents below the bridge are strong and some jumpers take more than than likely been washed out to sea without being seen.

The fatality charge per unit of jumping is roughly 98%. As of July 2013, just 34 people are known to have survived the leap.^[3] Those who do survive strike the h2o feet-kickoff and at a slight angle, although individuals may even so sustain broken bones or internal injuries. I young adult female, Sarah Rutledge Birnbaum, survived, simply returned to bound again and died the second fourth dimension.^[18] One young man survived a jump in 1979, swam to shore, and drove himself to a hospital. The bear on cracked several of his vertebrae.^[xix]

Engineering professor Natalie Jeremijenko, every bit function of her "Bureau of Inverse Technology" art collective, created a "Despondency Index" by correlating the Dow Jones Industrial Average with the number of jumpers detected by "Suicide Boxes" containing motion-detecting cameras, which she claimed to accept fix nether the bridge.^[20] The boxes purportedly recorded 17 jumps in iii months, far greater than the official count. The Whitney Museum, although questioning whether Jeremijenko'south suicide-detection technology actually existed, nevertheless included her project in its prestigious Whitney Biennial.^[21]

The Gilt Gate Bridge is referred to by Krista Tippett equally a "suicide magnet."^[22]

Prevention and intervention [edit]

Various methods have been tried to physically foreclose people from committing suicide from the bridge. It is fitted with suicide-hotline telephones and staff patrol the bridge in carts, looking for people who appear to be planning to jump. The span is at present closed to pedestrians at night. Cyclists are still permitted beyond at night, but can buzz themselves in and out through the remotely controlled security gates.^[23] Attempts to innovate a suicide barrier accept been thwarted past engineering difficulties, high costs, and public opposition.^[24] One recurring proposal had been to build a barrier to supercede or broaden the low railing, a component of the bridge's original architectural design, equally amended by the 2d designer in the final blueprint.^[A] New barriers have eliminated suicides at other landmarks around the world, but were opposed for the Golden Gate Span for reasons of cost, aesthetics, and safety, as the load from a poorly designed barrier could significantly affect the bridge's structural integrity during a stiff windstorm. Despite these concerns, on June 27, 2014, California approved a funding plan to install a suicide barrier.^[25]

A volunteer group chosen the Bridgewatch Angels was founded past Pleasanton Police Lieutenant, Mia Munayer, in 2011. During every major holiday and while off-duty, Munayer mobilizes hundreds of volunteers to patrol the bridge looking for anyone who may be contemplating suicide. Earlier embarking on their morning or afternoon shifts, Bridgewatch Angels volunteers receive training on the warning signs of someone in crunch, indirect and direct ways to appoint with people walking alone on the bridge, and safety protocol when interacting with a suicidal person requiring police force intervention. Each Bridgewatch effect is defended to the memory of a person who jumped from the Gilt Gate Bridge and their family joins the Bridgewatch Angels equally they walk together to laurels the retentiveness of their loved one. The Bridgewatch Angels are credited with making dozens of interventions each yr.^{[26] [27] [28] [29]}

Suicide rescue [edit]

In addition to Golden Gate bridge patrol, law enforcement, and emergency medical personnel, at that place are Golden Gate Bridge ironworkers who volunteer their time to foreclose suicides by talking to or wrestling down suicidal people.^[thirty] One of the ironworkers, Ken Hopper, began working at the bridge in the mid-1980s and sees the volunteer rescue duty every bit "role of the job". Called "Cowboys of the Sky", they have the equipment and noesis of the span, besides as the experience working at extreme heights, giving them the qualifications to go over the rail and help those in demand. While the experience of the volunteers minimize the danger of falling, there are still risks encountered. Ironworkers have reported knives being pulled on them, seeing loaded guns on would-be jumpers, and having been bitten. When a constabulary psychologist is on scene, they will coach the volunteer rescuers by radio and the ironworkers are provided seminars on suicide prevention. As of 2001, Hopper reported having rescued 30 suicidal individuals and losing two. He was a start-manus witness to the Steven Page murder/suicide, where a begetter, who had but murdered his married woman, threw his toddler-daughter off the bridge and then jumped off the span himself.

"Hopper'south Hands", hand silhouettes of bridge ironworker and volunteer suicide rescue worker, Ken Hopper^[31]

"Hopper'due south Hands" were created in part equally a legacy of the ironworkers volunteering for suicide rescue duty. After Hopper spotted waterfront joggers touching the fence at the sidewalk dead-end well-nigh Fort Point before turning back, he asked the bridge's sign painter to create a sign with two manus print silhouettes on it. The signs are at present at both ends of the span.^[32]

Potent appeals for a suicide barrier, debate, or other preventive measures were raised over again by a well-organized vocal minority of psychiatry professionals, suicide barrier consultants, and families of jumpers beginning in January 2005. These efforts were given momentum by two films dealing with the topic of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge. On January 14, 2005 the San Francisco Chronicle published an open letter of the alphabet by writer–manager Jenni Olson calling for a suicide bulwark on the Golden Gate Span.^[33] The letter was, in part, an excerpt from the script of her film The Joy of Life, which world-premiered the following week, on Jan twenty, 2005, at the Sundance Motion-picture show Festival. The day before, on January xix, 2005, the Chronicle broke the news that filmmaker Eric Steel had been shooting suicide leaps from the bridge during 2004 for his film The Bridge, which would exist released in 2006. A calendar week later, The Joy of Life earth-premiered at the Sundance Pic Festival and video copies of the film were circulated to members of the Span District board of directors with the assistance of the Psychiatric Foundation of Northern California.

In the fall of 2005 the San Francisco Chronicle published a seven-part series of articles, titled "Lethal Beauty", focusing on the problem of suicide and the Gold Gate Bridge and emphasizing that a solution was not but possible, just fifty-fifty desirable.^[6]

California Highway patrolman Kevin Briggs is credited with saving hundreds of lives of would-be jumpers by talking to them before they can have the plunge.^[34] The CHP estimates that with the aid of cameras and the volunteers, at to the lowest degree eighty–90% of people intending to jump are prevented from doing so.^[35]

Suicide barrier [edit]

Representative Nancy Pelosi joins the families of Aureate Gate Bridge suicide victims in 2017 to celebrate the construction of a suicide-prevention barrier on the span

On October 10, 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge and Transportation District Board of Directors voted fifteen to 1 for the preferred choice of installing a plastic-covered stainless steel net beneath the bridge as a suicide deterrent.^[36] The netting barrier was initially estimated to price $xl–50 million to complete.^{[37] [38] [39]} On July 28, 2010, the board received $5 million from the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) towards conducting a last design study of the bulwark.^[40] Even so, a funding source for the overall project however had non been identified, and at that place was concern that this lack of funding could delay the net's deployment.^[41]

The lack of funding for the project continued to delay the schedule of completion.^[42] In 2012, President Barack Obama enacted the Transportation Re-authorization Beak permitting federal funding towards transportation infrastructure projects. Initially, the pecker did not divert funding automatically. However, advocates of the barrier, such every bit 'Bridge Rail Foundation', were eventually successful in securing back up for the project in 2014.^[43] In March 2014, The New York Times reported that it was expected that the directors of the Bridge District would vote to alter its policy and allow the use of toll money to supplement governmental funds for a suicide barrier.^[12]

Installation of the suicide barriers, February 2020

The proposed suicide barrier will consist of stainless steel netting stretching xx anxiety (6.ane m) out on either side of the bridge, and xx anxiety below the bridge. Funding for building this barrier was unanimously approved by the Golden Gate Bridge Board of Directors on June 27, 2014. The MTC approved to contribute $27 meg of the $76-1000000 overall toll for the projection, and federal, state, and local authorities volition likewise contribute to the project.^{[44] [45]} The pattern was finalized in December 2014; however the project was delayed due to concerns from the National Park Service near storing construction materials at the site for the estimated 3 years it will take to complete the piece of work.^[46]

Fabrication of the stainless-steel netting and structural pieces began offsite in May 2017 after years of debate and installation of the netting on-site began in Baronial 2018. The netting was scheduled to be complete in 2021 at a projected toll of $211 1000000.^{[47] [48] [49]} In 2019, atomic number 82 contractor AECOM reported a delay until 2023. District officials attributed the delay to the original pb contractor, Shimmick Construction, having underbid the project, and to its 2017 acquisition by AECOM.^[fifty]

Incidents [edit]

Harold B. Wobber [edit]

The first known intentional decease from the Golden Gate Bridge occurred when the bridge was just a trivial over 3 months past its opening. In Baronial 1937, 47-twelvemonth-quondam Earth War I veteran Harold Wobber was employed as a bargeman and took a passenger vehicle to the span. After he got off the motorbus, Wobber started downward the pedestrian walkway of the 1.half-dozen-mile bridge. On the way, he started talking to a college professor from Connecticut, on vacation in the San Francisco expanse. During the stroll, Wobber took off his glaze and vest, threw them to the man, and declared, "This is where I go off. I'm going to jump." The vacationing professor grabbed the human's chugalug, only Wobber was able to get free and jumped over the 4-foot-high rail to his expiry in the San Francisco Bay. Afterward his decease, newspapers reported Wobber was "a victim of shell stupor" who had been undergoing mental health treatment.^{[51] [52] [53] [54]}

Newspaper clipping from the San Francisco Examiner of the youngest jumper, Marilyn DeMont (five)

Baronial and Marilyn DeMont [edit]

Until 1993, the youngest death off the span was 5-twelvemonth-onetime Marilyn DeMont, in 1945. With the child standing on a girder only exterior the bridge's railing, her father, 37-year-erstwhile elevator installation foreman August DeMont, commanded her to jump. Baronial DeMont followed by diving "gracefully" afterwards her. A simple note was found in the DeMont car stating, "I and my daughter have committed suicide."^[55]

Charles Southward. Gallagher Sr. and Jr. [edit]

In 1954, Charles Southward. Gallagher Sr. was director of the San Jose Merchants Association in San Jose, California. After returning from ii weeks of holiday, he discovered the audit his company began before he left was ongoing. Gallagher told his co-workers he was leaving briefly to go coffee. Rather than doing and so, he drove to the north side of the Gilded Gate Bridge, parked, and jumped.

Iv days later, Gallagher's 24-yr-onetime son, Charles Due south. Gallagher Jr., drove the same sedan owned by his father to the aforementioned area and jumped from approximately the same location. A pre-med student at UCLA, Gallagher Jr. left a annotation that said, "I am lamentable. . . . I want to keep dad company."^[55]

Marc Salinger [edit]

28-yr-one-time Marc Salinger, oldest son of former Kennedy Administration press secretary Pierre Salinger,^[56] jumped to his death from the bridge on February 9, 1977. While Salinger had known John F. Kennedy through his father'southward professional person clan with the president, he had likewise known him on a personal level. According to his family, Salinger, who had occasionally been Kennedy's golf game caddy, never got over the president'southward assassination. Subsequently Salinger'southward mother had identified the body, the San Francisco Coroner's Office announced Salinger's death to the press. A resident of the San Francisco Bay Area at the time of his decease, Salinger was buried in San Mateo County.^[57]

Steven and Kellie Page [edit]

On January 28, 1993, Steven Folio murdered his wife Nancy and then threw his daughter Kellie off the Golden Gate Span, before jumping off the span himself.^{[58] [59] [lx] [61] [62] [63] [64]}

Page worked as a buyer at Owaga-Mune Nursery in Fremont, California.^[65] The Page family unit home was in Fremont, but Page maintained a separate apartment afterward he and his wife separated. At 10:00 am on January 28, Page collection to their Fremont business firm and murdered his wife with a 12 approximate shotgun. He then left a message for his mother in law to selection up his nine-twelvemonth-old stepson from school. After arriving at the Page domicile, she discovered the body of her daughter.^{[62] [65]} Folio, subsequently killing his wife, drove with their three-year-old daughter, Kellie, to the Golden Gate Bridge.^[62] Highway patrol officers noticed Folio walking along the bridge carrying a bundle and recognized it to be a minor kid. After beingness approached by the officers considering of his unusual behavior, Page threw Kellie over the railing, and so climbed over the railing himself and jumped off.^[66] Following the incident, investigators were puzzled by Folio'southward apparent lack of psychological indicators prior to the murder/suicide.^[67]

U.S. Declension Baby-sit spokesperson Shelly Freier stated the USCG had recovered the bodies of both father and daughter by the next twenty-four hours, Jan 29.^[68] An apology letter addressed to Page'due south stepson, who was at school at the time of all three deaths, was found at the family habitation. In the letter of the alphabet Page apologized for what he had washed, showing premeditation for both the murders of his wife and daughter equally well as his suicide.^[68]

Roy Raymond [edit]

On August 26, 1993, Roy Raymond, the founder of Victoria'due south Secret, died subsequently intentionally jumping off of the Golden Gate Span at the historic period of 46. Last seen walking toward the span, Raymond's trunk was soon thereafter washed upwardly on a shoreline in Marin Canton; investigators concluded that he had committed suicide past jumping from the span.^[69]

Paul Aladdin Alarab [edit]

Originally surviving a autumn from the Golden Gate in 1988, Paul Aladdin Alarab died on March xix, 2003, when he jumped from the bridge in protest of the United States' invasion of Iraq. Alarab, whose male parent was born in Iraq, was a 44-year-onetime real estate agent from Kensington, California, who climbed over a railing on the eastward side of the bridge, mid-bridge. Tying one end of a rope to the bridge and wrapping the other end of the rope around his arms, Alarab then demanded to talk to media. Law enforcement tried to talk him back over the railing while he read a statement he had written denouncing the state of war started earlier that day. Afterwards finishing the statement, he let go of the rope and fell 235 feet to the water. His trunk was recovered almost immediately, but Alarab did not survive the fall.

In 1988, however, he had survived a similar fall from the bridge that occurred while lowering himself into a garbage can that was hanging from a 60-human foot rope off the bridge. At that time, he was protesting what he saw every bit mistreatment of the elderly and the handicapped. In the 1988 incident, he lost his grip on the rope and cruel into San Francisco Bay, surviving with 3 broken ribs and both lungs complanate. The offset incident was considered an blow. Following the 1988 incident, Alarab told a reporter from the San Francisco Chronicle, "It seemed like the fall lasted forever. I was praying for God to give me another gamble. I was also wondering well-nigh how I would striking, because that is what determines if you will live or die." While his friends, family, and co-workers did not believe his death was an intentional suicide, investigators came to a dissimilar conclusion based on his having permit get of the rope. Retired UCSF professor of psychiatry Jerome Motto stated that Alarab might have been disturbed by the outbreak of the war and "that previously endurable hurting suddenly became intolerable."^[70]

Gene Sprague [edit]

On May xi, 2004, Gene Sprague,^[71] a native of San Mateo, California, committed suicide by jumping off the Aureate Gate Span. His expiry is documented in the 2006 motion picture The Bridge. During the filming of The Bridge, the coiffure noticed Sprague walking back and along along the bridge for around 90 minutes, before stopping to lean over the railing. Co-ordinate to Eric Steel, the picture's managing director, Sprague's behavior was normal enough to not attract the attending of the on-prepare suicide prevention teams. As seen in the end of the film, after watching the h2o for a minute or 2, Sprague pulled himself over the railing, stood up and fell backwards into the San Francisco Bay.

Casey Joanna Brooks [edit]

On January 29, 2008, 17-year-old Casey Brooks of Tiburon, jumped from the Golden Gate Span.^[72] Because her torso was never recovered, her friend had benches installed every bit a memorial.^[73] Located on Strawberry Vista in Manufacturing plant Valley, the original memorial had to be replaced due to a dispute with the nearby belongings owner being uncomfortable.^[74] In March and Apr 2020, the benches were vandalized twice.^[75] John Brooks has written a volume, The Daughter Behind the Door, on their experience and journeying of losing Casey.^[76]

Sean Moylan [edit]

On June v, 2014, at four:22 pm, 27-year-sometime Sean Moylan of Novato, California, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, ending his life. The Coast Baby-sit pulled Moylan's body out of the waters beneath the bridge. Moylan was the grandson of John Moylan, a longtime member of the Golden Gate District board of directors who campaigned for the installation of suicide barriers on the bridge. The elderberry Moylan was president of the board when, in 2008, a historic decision was fabricated to build the barrier at a cost of $68 million. John Moylan referred to his grandson's decease as "heartbreaking"; however, he did not blame information technology on the lack of a barrier. Sean Moylan already had attempted suicide in February 2014; after a breakdown with his girlfriend, Moylan walked in front of a truck in Oregon and was critically injured.^[77]

False suicides and survivors [edit]

Along with confirmed suicide deaths and suicide attempts at the span, at that place take been false suicides likewise. The beginning documented case of "pseudocide"^{[ commendation needed ]} at the Golden Gate Bridge was in 1948. 47-year-one-time Chris J. Christensen was a well-known local jeweler who had been recently elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Christensen's coat was found attached to a piece of work box at the center span of the span with a notation in the coat that read, "Loved Ones: My fretfulness are shot. Please forgive me. Chris." Believed to have jumped from the bridge, Christensen was alleged expressionless and rumors abounded. Investigators concluded he was unable to cope with the pressures of being in public function. There were reports of Christensen having become friendly with a man described equally "willowy ... almost besides good-looking to exist considered handsome." While Christensen introduced the human to friends and colleagues as his nephew, it was learned the homo was not a relative; rather, he was a Navy sailor whom Christensen met in a Los Angeles bar. Over a year had passed when information technology was discovered Christensen was actually alive and selling Bibles in Houston, Texas. Found living in a low-rent rooming firm and having lost 40 pounds, Christensen explained that campaign contributors who supported his election had asked him to "do things he couldn't do." Christensen saw himself as a failure and never returned to San Francisco.^[55]

In 1985, 28-yr-old Kenneth Baldwin jumped over and survived. Rescued by the United states Coast Guard, he suffered a few cleaved ribs and a bruised lung.

On September 24, 2000, Kevin Hines was 19 years quondam, paranoid, and hallucinating when he jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge. Throwing himself headfirst over the bridge railing, he fell 220 feet into San Francisco Bay. During the autumn, his torso rotated so that when Hines hitting the water he landed in a sitting position, taking the affect in his legs and up through his back. Three of his vertebrae were shattered, lacerating his lower internal organs. A United States Declension Baby-sit vessel rescued him, and he was transported to a hospital in San Francisco where he received emergency surgery. Following farther, experimental surgery, whatever physical evidence of his experience is about non-existent, and Hines has full mobility. Regarding his thoughts afterward the leap, Hines stated, "There was a millisecond of gratuitous autumn. In that instant, I thought, what take I just done? I don't want to die. God, delight salve me." Post-obit his suicide attempt, Hines received some fame every bit a survivor, appearing in a documentary picture show, The Span (2006) and being interviewed on CNN by Larry King. Additionally, he wrote a volume nigh his experience earlier and after his suicide attempt, Cracked, Non Broken, and became a mental health abet as well every bit a proponent for a bridge suicide barrier or net to prevent such incidents.^[78]

On March 10, 2011, 17-year-erstwhile Luhe "Otter" Vilagomez from Windsor High School in Windsor, California, survived a jump from the bridge, breaking his coccyx and puncturing one lung, though he said his endeavour was for "fun" and not suicide. The teen was helped to shore by Frederic Lecouturier, 55, who was surfing nether the span when he saw Vilagomez spring.^{[79] [80]} The California Highway Patrol recommended the San Francisco Commune Attorney's Office charge the student with misdemeanor trespassing (a accuse that entails climbing any rail, cablevision, suspender rope, tower or superstructure non intended for public use), punishable by up to a year in the county jail and/or a fine up to $ten,000, and that the teenager undergo a medical/psychiatric evaluation past medical professionals.^{[81] [82]}

Moving-picture show documentaries [edit]

The Bridge [edit]

The Bridge is a 2006 British–American documentary film by Eric Steel, which spans 365 days of filming at the San Francisco Gilded Gate Span in 2004. The moving picture captured a number of suicides, and featured interviews with family unit and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the bridge that twelvemonth.

The flick was inspired by Tad Friend's 2003 commodity titled "Jumpers", written for The New Yorker magazine.^[83] The picture show crew shot well-nigh x,000 hours of footage, recording 23 of the known 24 suicides off the span in 2004.^{[84] [85]}

In his commodity for The New Yorker, Friend wrote, "Survivors oftentimes regret their decision in midair, if not before". This ascertainment is supported by survivor Ken Baldwin, who explained, "I instantly realized that everything in my life that I'd thought was unfixable was totally fixable—except for having merely jumped."^[86]

The 2006 release of The Bridge exerted additional pressure level on the Bridge District and created continued public awareness. The film also documented interviews with surviving family members of those who jumped, with witnesses, and with a survivor.

The Joy of Life [edit]

The Joy of Life, released in 2005, is an American documentary film that recounts the chronological history of suicide at the Aureate Gate Bridge. The moving picture discusses key design changes fabricated to the bridge by architect Irving Morrow, notably the lowering of the pedestrian railing. It also explores the public discussions of the problem of suicide prevention over the decades, with a focus on local news coverage.^[87]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ The original design was for a 5+ 1⁄2 -pes-loftier argue, but it was reduced to 4 feet. Tad Friend: Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Gilded Gate Bridge, The New Yorker, October xiii, 2003 v79 i30 page iii

References [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicides_at_the_Golden_Gate_Bridge

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